Cornell University

Die Cornell University liegt in Ithaca, New York (USA) und ist ein Mitglied der Ivy League.

Gegründet wurde sie 1865 von Ezra Cornell, einem Geschäftsmann und Pionier der Telekommunikationsindustrie und Andrew Dickson White, einem bekannten Gelehrten und Politiker. Das 1865 von Ezra Cornell formulierte Motto der Hochschule ist „I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study“ („Ich wollte eine Institution gründen, an der jede Person jedes Fach studieren kann“); in Kurzform findet es sich im Wappen der Universität.

Heute studieren mehr als 20.000 Menschen auf den drei Haupt-Campi der Universität, die in Ithaca, New York City (Humanmedizin) und Doha (Katar) liegen. Damit ist Cornell die zahlenmäßig größte Ivy-League-Universität.

Die Cornell University ist Mitglied der Association of American Universities, einem seit 1900 bestehenden Verbund führender forschungsintensiver nordamerikanischer Universitäten.


Organisation

Undergraduate Colleges und Schools

* Architektur, Kunst und Planung
* Hotelverwaltung
* Human Ecology
* Industrie- und Arbeitsbeziehungen
* Ingenieurwissenschaften
* Künste und Wissenschaften
* Landwirtschaft und Life Sciences

Graduate Colleges und Schools

* Medizin (Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City gelegen)
* Medizin (auf dem Campus in Katar)
* Medizinwissenschaften (Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences)
* Rechtswissenschaften
* Tiermedizin
* Wirtschaftswissenschaften (S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management)
* Graduate School


Sport

Die Sportteams von Cornell sind die Big Reds. Die Cornell University ist Mitglied in der Ivy League.



Berühmte Persönlichkeiten

* Barbara McClintock, Nobelpreis in Physiologie; Mitendeckerin des crossing over beim Mais, Entdeckerin der Transposons
* Harriet B. Creighton, Mitendeckerin des crossing over beim Mais
* Hans Bethe, Nobelpreisträger der Physik
* Urie Bronfenbrenner, Entwicklungspsychologe
* Pearl S. Buck, Schriftstellerin
* Henrique de Curitiba, polnisch-brasilianischer Komponist
* Lee Teng-hui, ehemaliger taiwanesischer Präsident
* Jörg Dräger, Wissenschaftssenator der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg
* Richard Fariña, Schriftsteller und Musiker
* Sheldon Glashow, Nobelpreisträger für Physik
* Thomas Gold, Astrophysiker
* Greg Graffin, Sänger der Band „Bad Religion“
* Laurens Hammond, Erfinder der Hammond-Orgel
* Roald Hoffmann, Nobelpreisträger für Chemie
* Stephen D. Krasner, amerikanischer Politologe
* Huey Lewis, Rockmusiker
* Rem Koolhaas, Architekt
* Tom DeMarco, bekannter Autor für Softwareentwicklung
* Robert Moog, Erfinder des Moog-Synthesizers
* Toni Morrison, Nobelpreisträgerin für Literatur
* John Naisbitt, Schriftsteller, Zukunftsforscher
* Vladimir Nabokov, Schriftsteller, Literaturwissenschaftler und Schmetterlingsforscher
* Thomas Pynchon, Schriftsteller
* Christopher Reeve, bekannter Schauspieler als Superman
* Matt Ruff, Autor
* Gerard Salton, Informatiker und Informationswissenschaflter
* Hu Shi, chinesischer Intellektueller
* Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Theoretikerin des Postkolonialismus
* Oswald Mathias Ungers, Architekt
* Kurt Vonnegut, Schriftsteller
* Sanford I. Weill, Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Citibank
* Steven Weinberg, Nobelpreisträger für Physik
* Paul Wolfowitz, Präsident der Weltbank
* Reginald Fils-Aime, Präsident von Nintendo of America

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private research university located in Ithaca, New York. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and in Education City, Qatar.

The youngest member of the Ivy League, Cornell was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White as a coeducational, non-sectarian institution where admission was offered irrespective of religion or race. Inaugurated shortly after the American Civil War, its founders intended that the new university would teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge — from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."[1]

The university is organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions, each defining its own academic programs in near autonomy. Since the mid-20th century, the university has been expanding both its campus resources and influence worldwide. From a new residential college housing system to its 2001 founding of a medical college in Qatar, Cornell claims "to serve society by educating the leaders of tomorrow and extending the frontiers of knowledge."[5] Cornell counts more than 240,000 living alumni and 40 Nobel laureates affiliated with the university as faculty or students.[3][6]

Research is a central element of the university's mission; Cornell spent $605 million on research and development in a diverse group of fields during the July 2005 to June 2006 fiscal year.[7]


History

Cornell University was created on April 27, 1865 by a New York State Senate bill that named the university as the state's land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York as a site and $500,000 of his personal fortune as an initial endowment. Fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the initial two buildings and traveled about the globe, attracting students and faculty.[8]

The university was inaugurated on October 7, 1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day.[9] Two years later, Cornell admitted its first women students, making it the first coeducational school among what came to be known as the Ivy League. Scientists Louis Agassiz and James Crafts were among the faculty members.[8]

Cornell expanded significantly in the 20th century, with its student population growing to its current count of about 20,000 students. The faculty expanded as well; by the century's end, the university had more than 3,400 faculty members. Along with its population growth, Cornell increased its breadth of course offerings. Today, the university has wide-ranging programs and offers more than 4,000 courses.

In the 2000s, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2001, the university founded the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the first American medical school outside of the United States.[10] It continues to forge partnerships with major institutions in India, Singapore, and the People's Republic of China.[11][12][13] The university has gone as far as to claim to be "the first transnational university".[5]

Organization

Cornell is a private institution, receiving most of its funding through tuition, research grants, and alumni contributions. Three of its undergraduate colleges and the graduate-level College of Veterinary Medicine are called contract colleges. These divisions receive partial funding from the state of New York to support their research and service mission in niche fields. Residents of New York enrolled in the contract colleges pay reduced tuition. Furthermore, the governor of the state serves as an ex-officio member of the board of trustees. Despite some similarities, Cornell's contract colleges are not public or state schools – they are private institutions that Cornell operates by contract with the state government.

Cornell is decentralized, with its colleges and schools exercising wide autonomy. Each defines its own academic programs, operates its own admissions and advising programs, and confers its own degrees. The only university-wide requirements for a baccalaureate degree are to pass a swimming test, take two physical education courses, and satisfy a writing requirement. Although students are affiliated with their individual college or school, they may take courses in any of the colleges, provided they have fulfilled the course prerequisites. A handful of inter-school academic departments offer courses in more than one college.

Seven schools provide undergraduate programs and an additional seven provide graduate and professional programs. Students pursuing graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in the Graduate School. The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions offers programs for college and high school students, professionals, and other adults.[14]

Undergraduate

Endowed

* College of Architecture, Art, and Planning
* College of Arts and Sciences
* College of Engineering
* School of Hotel Administration

Contract

* College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
* College of Human Ecology
* School of Industrial and Labor Relations



Graduate and professional

Endowed

* Graduate School
* Law School
* Johnson Graduate School of Management
* Weill Medical College (New York City)
* Weill Medical College (Qatar)
* Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences (New York City)

Contract

* College of Veterinary Medicine


Academics

Profile

Admission to Cornell is extremely selective. For the undergraduate class of 2010, the admission rate was 24.7%, the most selective in the university's history.[44] With the most selective undergraduate college being the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences that admitted only 14.6% of applicants. For the class of 2009, 33.8% enrolled through early decision.[45] Of enrolling students, 67% scored above 650 on the SAT Verbal exam and 82% scored above 650 on the SAT Math exam. Eighty-two percent of enrolling students were ranked in the top ten percent of their high school classes. Sixty-eight percent of new undergraduate students hailed from public high schools.[45]

Cornell enrolls students from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of Fall 2005, 28% of undergraduate student identified themselves as members of ethnic minority groups.[3] Ninety-six percent of first-year students return for their second year.[45] Of 13,515 undergraduate students, 4,251 (31.5%) are affiliated with the largest college by enrollment, Arts and Sciences, followed by 3,153 (23.3%) in Agriculture and Life Sciences and 2,680 (19.8%) in Engineering. By student enrollment, the smallest of the seven undergraduate colleges is Architecture, Art, and Planning, with 515 (3.8%) students.[3]

In 2005, the Graduate School accepted 21.6% of applicants, the Johnson School of Management accepted 34.4%, the Law School accepted 20.6%, and the Veterinary School accepted 10.9%.[46][47][48][49] The Weill Cornell Medical School accepted 4.3%.[50]

Faculty

For the August 2005 to May 2006 academic year, Cornell University had 1,594 full-time and part-time academic faculty members affiliated with its main campus.[3] The New York City medical divisions count 1,005 faculty members and Qatar has 34.[3] In total, 40 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Cornell as faculty or students.[6] Notable former professors include Carl Sagan, Charles Evans Hughes, Norman Malcolm, Vladimir Nabokov, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Kip Thorne, Archie Randolph Ammons, and Allan Bloom.

Cornell's faculty for the 2005-06 academic year included three Nobel laureates, a Crafoord Prize winner, two Turing Award winners, a Fields Medal winner, two Legion of Honor recipients, a World Food Prize winner, an Andrei Sakharov Prize winner, three National Medal of Science winners, two Wolf Prize winners, five MacArthur award winners, four Pulitzer Prize winners, two Eminent Ecologist Award recipients, a Carter G. Woodson Scholars Medallion recipient, four Presidential Early Career Award winners, 20 National Science Foundation CAREER grant holders, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, a recipient of the American Mathematical Society's Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement, a recipient of the Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, three Packard Foundation grant holders, a Keck Distinguished Young Scholar, two Beckman Foundation Young Investigator grant holders, and two NYSTAR (New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research) early career award winners.[3]

On June 11, 2005, Jeffrey S. Lehman announced that he would resign from the position of Cornell President effective June 30, 2005, citing "differences with the board regarding the strategy for realizing Cornell's long-term vision."[51] Former Cornell President Hunter R. Rawlings III served as interim president for the 2005-06 academic year. David J. Skorton, former president of the University of Iowa, assumed office July 1, 2006.

International programs

Cornell offers undergraduate curricula with international focuses, including the Africana Studies, French Studies, German Studies, Jewish Studies, Latino Studies, Near Eastern Studies, Romance Studies, and Russian Literature majors. Cornell was the first university to teach modern Far Eastern languages.[3] In addition to traditional academic programs, Cornell students may study abroad on any of six continents.[52]

The Asian Studies major, South Asia Program, Southeast Asia Program, and the newly launched China and Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS) major provide opportunities for students and researchers in Asia. Cornell has an agreement with Peking University allowing students in the CAPS major to spend a semester in Beijing.[53] Similarly, the College of Engineering has an agreement to exchange faculty and graduate students with Tsinghua University in Beijing, and the School of Hotel Administration has a joint master's program with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences has signed an agreement with Japan's National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, [54] as well as the University of the Philippines, Los Baños,[55] to engage in joint research and exchange graduate students and faculty members. It also cooperates in agricultural research with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[56]

In the Middle East, Cornell's efforts focus on biology and medicine. The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar trains new doctors to improve health services in the region. The university is also developing the Bridging the Rift Center, a "Library of Life" (or database of all living systems) on the border of Israel and Jordan, in collaboration with those two countries and Stanford University.[57]

Cornell has partnered with Queen's University in Canada to offer a joint Executive MBA. The only program of its kind in the world, graduates of the program earn both a Cornell MBA and a Queen's MBA.[58] This program is made possible through videoconferencing, and so students in Canada and the United States share an interactive virtual classroom.

Rankings

The university ranked 12th in the 2007 U.S. News & World Report National Universities ranking (tied with Washington University in St. Louis) and 12th globally in an academic ranking of world universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2006.[59][60] Britain's Times Higher Education Supplement ranked Cornell 14th in the world in 2005.[61] Cornell was ranked eighth nationally and first among Ivy League universities in The Washington Monthly's 2006 ranking of universities' contributions to research, community service, and social mobility.[62] In 2006, The Princeton Review reported that Cornell ranked ninth as a "dream college" for high school students and their parents.[63]

Among business schools in the United States, the Johnson Graduate School of Management was ranked 7th by BusinessWeek in 2004,[64] 9th by Forbes in 2005,[65] 16th by U.S. News in 2007,[66] and 18th by The Wall Street Journal in 2005.[67] Worldwide, the school was ranked 17th by The Economist in 2005 and 36th by the Financial Times in 2006.[68][69]

Cornell's Undergraduate Business Program ranked #11 Nationally in US News & World Report's Best Undergraduate Business Programs for 2007.

U.S. News ranked the Weill Cornell Medical School as the 15th best in the United States in its 2007 edition.[70] The College of Veterinary Medicine was ranked first among national veterinary medicine graduate schools.[71] The Cornell Law School was ranked as the 13th best graduate law program among national universities.[72] In 2005, The National Law Journal reported that Cornell Law had the sixth highest placement rate at the top 50 law firms in the U.S. among law schools with recent graduates.[73]

In its 2006 ranking [74] and 2007 ranking [75] of undergraduate engineering programs at universities in the United States, U.S. News placed Cornell first in engineering physics. In 1954, Conrad Hilton called the Cornell School of Hotel Administration "the greatest hotel school in the world."[76]

According to the latest ranking of National Research Council in 1995, Cornell ranks sixth nationally in the number of graduate programs in the top ten in their fields [77]. Cornell had 19 ranked in the top 10 in terms of overall academic quality. Also National Research Council ranked the quality of faculties as 5th in Arts and Humanities, 6th in Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and 5th in Engineering.

Library

The Cornell University Library is the eleventh largest academic library in the United States, ranked by number of volumes held.[78] Organized into twenty divisions, in 2005 it held 7.5 million printed volumes in open stacks, 8.2 million microfilms and microfiches, and a total of 440,000 maps, motion pictures, DVDs, sound recordings, and computer files in its collections, in addition to extensive digital resources and the University Archives.[79] It was the first among all U.S. colleges and universities to allow undergraduates to borrow books from its libraries.[3] In 2006, The Princeton Review ranked it as the 11th best college library.[80]

The library plays an active role in furthering online archiving of scientific and historical documents. arXiv, an e-print archive created at Los Alamos National Laboratory by Paul Ginsparg, is operated and primarily funded by Cornell as part of the library's services. The archive has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the e-print a viable and popular means of announcing new research.

Press

The Cornell University Press, established in 1869 but inactive from 1884 to 1930, was the first university publishing enterprise in the United States.[81] It was established in the College of the Mechanic Arts (as mechanical engineering was called in the 19th century) because engineers knew more than literature professors did about running steam-powered printing presses. From its inception, the press has offered work-study financial aid: students with previous training in the printing trades were paid for typesetting and running the presses that printed textbooks, pamphlets, a weekly student journal, and official university publications.

Today, the press is one of the country's largest university presses.[3] It produces approximately 150 nonfiction titles each year in various disciplines including anthropology, Asian studies, biological sciences, classics, history, industrial relations, literary criticism and theory, natural history, philosophy, politics and international relations, veterinary science, and women's studies.[81][82] The press's acquisitions, editorial, production, and marketing departments have been located in Sage House since 1993, and the financial department is on Cascadilla Street in downtown Ithaca.[81]

Research

For the 2004–05 fiscal year, the university spent $561.3 million on research.[7] The primary recipients of this funding were the colleges of Medicine ($164.2 million), Agriculture and Life Sciences ($114.5 million), Arts and Sciences ($80.3 million), and Engineering ($64.8 million).[7] The money comes largely from federal sources, with federal investment of $381.0 million. The federal agencies that invest the most money are the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Science Foundation that make up, respectively, 51.4% and 30.7% of all federal investment in the university.[7] Cornell was on the top-ten list of U.S. universities receiving the most patents in 2003, and is one of the nation's top five institutions in forming start-up companies.[104] In 2004–05, Cornell received 200 invention disclosures, filed 203 U.S. patent applications, completed 77 commercial license agreements, and distributed royalties of more than $4.1 million to Cornell units and inventors.[3]
An artist's rendering of a Mars Exploration Rover as seen on the "Big Red" planet.

Since 1962, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to Mars.[105] In the 21st century, Cornell had a hand in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Cornell's Steve Squyres, Principal Investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the selection of the landing zones and requested data collection features for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers.[106] Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers took those requests and designed the rovers to meet them. The rovers, both of which have operated long past their original life expectancies, are responsible for the discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors by Science.[107] Control of the Mars rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and Cornell's Space Sciences Building.[108]

The Automotive Crash Injury Research project was begun in 1952 by John O. Moore at the Cornell Aeronautical Research Laboratories, which spun off in 1972 as Calspan Corporation.[109] It pioneered the use of crash testing, originally using corpses rather than dummies. The project discovered that improved door locks, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and seat belts could prevent an extraordinary percentage of injuries.[109] The project led Liberty Mutual to fund the building of a demonstration Cornell Safety Car in 1956, which received national publicity and influenced carmakers.[109] Carmakers soon started their own crash-test laboratories and gradually adopted many of the Cornell innovations. Other ideas, such as rear-facing passenger seats, never found favor with carmakers or the public.

In 1984, the National Science Foundation began work on establishing five new supercomputer centers, including the Cornell Theory Center, to provide high-speed computing resources for research within the United States. In 1985, a team from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications began the development of NSFNet, a TCP/IP-based computer network that could connect to the ARPANET, at the Cornell Theory Center and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This high-speed network, unrestricted to academic users, became a backbone to which regional networks would be connected. Initially a 56-kbit/s network, traffic on the network grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5-Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the development of the World Wide Web.[110][111]

Cornell scientists have researched the fundamental particles of nature for more than 70 years. Cornell physicists, such as Hans Bethe, contributed not only to the foundations of nuclear physics but also participated in the Manhattan Project. In the 1930s, Cornell built the second cyclotron in the United States. In the 1950s, Cornell physicists became the first to study synchrotron radiation. During the 1990s, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, located beneath Alumni Field, was the world's highest-luminosity electron-positron collider.[112][113]

Cornell's accelerator and high-energy physics groups are involved in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider and plan to participate in its construction and operation. The International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s, will complement the Large Hadron Collider and shed light on questions such as the identity of dark matter and the existence of extra dimensions.

__________________
..ich habe mir angewöhnt, dass ich jeden Tag in den Garten schau und eine Blume hinrichte..." (Edmund Stoiber, Bayrischer Ministerpräsident)

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